隨著(zhu)經濟的(de)發展和社會的(de)進(jin)步，人(ren)們對能(neng)(neng)源的(de)要求越來越高。尋找新能(neng)(neng)源已成(cheng)為(wei)人(ren)類(lei)面臨的(de)緊(jin)迫(po)問題。現有的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)有四個主要來源，即(ji)火電(dian)(dian)，水電(dian)(dian)，核電(dian)(dian)和風電(dian)(dian)。太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)在不需要熱處理的(de)情況(kuang)下直接發電(dian)(dian)的(de)方(fang)式。它包括光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)，光(guang)化學發電(dian)(dian)，光(guang)感應發電(dian)(dian)和光(guang)生電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)，太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)板如何(he)工(gong)作？

在(zai)物理(li)學中，太陽能(neng)基于光(guang)伏效應(ying)，其中兩種不同的(de)材料(liao)緊密接觸(chu)以(yi)在(zai)被光(guang)或其他輻射能(neng)量撞擊時產生(sheng)電壓(ya)。在(zai)太陽能(neng)中這(zhe)些(xie)材料(liao)屬(shu)于稱為半導體的(de)類別(bie) - 既(ji)不是導體也不是允(yun)許(xu)電子(zi)在(zai)某(mou)些(xie)條件(jian)下(xia)流動的(de)電絕緣體。

當光(guang)子將(jiang)電子與(yu)材料(liao)分離(li)時，太(tai)陽(yang)能電池(chi)板(ban)會發(fa)電。事實上，太(tai)陽(yang)能電池(chi)板(ban)由(you)一系列較小的單(dan)元組成(cheng)，稱(cheng)為光(guang)伏(fu)電池(chi)，實際(ji)上將(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為電能。

典型(xing)的太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板還包括金屬框架，玻璃外殼和(he)各種布(bu)線，以(yi)允許(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流從硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池流出。由(you)于太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板產生直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)還需要逆變器在家(jia)中將直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)類型(xing)傾向于拾取(qu)小的正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，而N型(xing)半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)具有負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)。通常半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)材料摻雜有雜質，使得它們更容易(yi)供(gong)應或接(jie)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子，因為諸如硅或鍺的晶(jing)體(ti)通常不允許(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子從原子自由(you)移動。這非(fei)常類似于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極相對于另一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

半導(dao)體可(ke)以是兩種(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)：P和N.每個(ge)太陽能電池(chi)將(jiang)這些半導(dao)體中(zhong)的(de)兩個(ge)夾(jia)在中(zhong)間，一(yi)個(ge)是P型(xing)而另(ling)一(yi)個(ge)是N型(xing)（看(kan)起來像電池(chi)）。電子可(ke)以從一(yi)側(ce)自由(you)地(di)傳遞(di)到(dao)另(ling)一(yi)側(ce)，但不(bu)能在相反的(de)方向上傳遞(di)。

想象一(yi)座山(shan) - 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)很容易從(cong)山(shan)上（到(dao)(dao)(dao)N側(ce)）下來(lai)，但不(bu)能(neng)爬上它（到(dao)(dao)(dao)P側(ce)）。當通(tong)(tong)過(guo)消耗(hao)從(cong)入射(she)光(guang)接收的(de)能(neng)量將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)升高到(dao)(dao)(dao)激發態時(shi)，會發生(sheng)這種情況(kuang)。如果它不(bu)是(shi)形成(cheng)結的(de)材料，則(ze)自由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)最終會回落到(dao)(dao)(dao)基態。并且因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)僅允許(xu)在(zai)單(dan)一(yi)方(fang)向上流(liu)動(dong) - 從(cong)N到(dao)(dao)(dao)P  - 光(guang)伏(fu)效應產生(sheng)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)起限定了(le)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可以產生(sheng)的(de)功率(lv)（或瓦特數）。 具有足夠能(neng)量的(de)每(mei)個光(guang)子(zi)通(tong)(tong)常釋放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，形成(cheng)“空(kong)穴(xue)”。然后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)移動(dong)到(dao)(dao)(dao)N側(ce)，并將空(kong)穴(xue)移動(dong)到(dao)(dao)(dao)P側(ce)。